Novel subtype of obesity influencing the outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy: Familial aggregation of obesity.

BACKGROUND: Differences in the preoperative characteristics and weight loss outcomes after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between patients with familial aggregation of obesity (FAO) and patients with sporadic obesity (SO) have not been elucidated. AIM: To explore the impact of SG on weight loss and the alleviation of obesity-related comorbidities in individuals with FAO. METHODS: A total of 193 patients with obesity who underwent SG were selected. Patients with FAO/SO were matched 1:1 by propensity score matching and were categorized into 4 groups based on the number of first-degree relatives with obesity (1SO vs 1FAO, 2SO vs 2FAO). The baseline characteristics, weight loss outcomes, prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities and incidence of major surgery-related complications were compared between groups. RESULTS: We defined FAO as the presence of two or more first-degree relatives with obesity. Patients with FAO did not initially show significant differences in baseline data, short-term postoperative weight loss, or obesity-related comorbidities when compared to patients with SO preoperatively. However, distinctions between the two groups became evident at the two-year mark, with statistically significant differences in both percentage of total weight loss (P = 0.006) and percentage of excess weight loss (P < 0.001). The FAO group exhibited weaker remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (P = 0.031), hyperlipidemia (P = 0.012), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (P = 0.003) as well as a lower incidence of acid reflux (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: FAO patients is associated with decreased mid-to-long-term weight loss outcomes; the alleviation of T2DM, hyperlipidemia and NAFLD; and decreased incidence of acid reflux postoperatively.

On-device phase engineering.

In situ tailoring of two-dimensional materials' phases under external stimulus facilitates the manipulation of their properties for electronic, quantum and energy applications. However, current methods are mainly limited to the transitions among phases with unchanged chemical stoichiometry. Here we propose on-device phase engineering that allows us to realize various lattice phases with distinct chemical stoichiometries. Using palladium and selenide as a model system, we show that a PdSe2 channel with prepatterned Pd electrodes can be transformed into Pd17Se15 and Pd4Se by thermally tailoring the chemical composition ratio of the channel. Different phase configurations can be obtained by precisely controlling the thickness and spacing of the electrodes. The device can be thus engineered to implement versatile functions in situ, such as exhibiting superconducting behaviour and achieving ultralow-contact resistance, as well as customizing the synthesis of electrocatalysts. The proposed on-device phase engineering approach exhibits a universal mechanism and can be expanded to 29 element combinations between a metal and chalcogen. Our work highlights on-device phase engineering as a promising research approach through which to exploit fundamental properties as well as their applications.

Interfacial magnetic spin Hall effect in van der Waals Fe3GeTe2/MoTe2 heterostructure.

The spin Hall effect (SHE) allows efficient generation of spin polarization or spin current through charge current and plays a crucial role in the development of spintronics. While SHE typically occurs in non-magnetic materials and is time-reversal even, exploring time-reversal-odd (T-odd) SHE, which couples SHE to magnetization in ferromagnetic materials, offers a new charge-spin conversion mechanism with new functionalities. Here, we report the observation of giant T-odd SHE in Fe3GeTe2/MoTe2 van der Waals heterostructure, representing a previously unidentified interfacial magnetic spin Hall effect (interfacial-MSHE). Through rigorous symmetry analysis and theoretical calculations, we attribute the interfacial-MSHE to a symmetry-breaking induced spin current dipole at the vdW interface. Furthermore, we show that this linear effect can be used for implementing multiply-accumulate operations and binary convolutional neural networks with cascaded multi-terminal devices. Our findings uncover an interfacial T-odd charge-spin conversion mechanism with promising potential for energy-efficient in-memory computing.

Effect of Boron Additions on the Microstructural Evolution and Properties of Fe-Mo-Cu-Ni-C Sintered Steel.

The effects of different boron (B) additions from 0 to 0.5 wt.% on the microstructure and properties of Fe-Mo-Cu-Ni-xB-C powder metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated in this work. The results indicated that the ferrite phase quantity decreased and disappeared, Ni/Cu became more homogeneous, and M2B phase formed, with the addition of B. The density and hardness of the sintered steels monotonously increased with increasing B content, whereas the tensile strength and impact toughness first increased and then decreased. The tensile strength of the steels reached a maximum value of 1097 MPa at a 0.2% B content, whereas the impact toughness reached a maximum value of 25.7 J/cm2 at a 0.1% B content and then sharply decreased when the B content exceeded 0.2%. Frictional wear experiments showed that the weight loss of the steels decreased with an increasing B content under low load conditions (100 N), and the lowest weight loss of 0.043 g occurred at a 0.2% B content. Under high load conditions (200 N), the 0.1% B content steel saw the lowest weight loss 0.075 g, exhibiting excellent wear resistance, but the abrasive resistance of the steels decreased with a further increase in the B content due to the germination of microcracks and large spalling caused by the high hardness and brittleness.

Cascadable in-memory computing based on symmetric writing and readout.

The building block of in-memory computing with spintronic devices is mainly based on the magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular interfacial anisotropy (p-MTJ). The resulting asymmetric write and readout operations impose challenges in downscaling and direct cascadability of p-MTJ devices. Here, we propose that a previously unimplemented symmetric write and readout mechanism can be realized in perpendicular-anisotropy spin-orbit (PASO) quantum materials based on Fe3GeTe2 and WTe2. We demonstrate that field-free and deterministic reversal of the perpendicular magnetization can be achieved using unconventional charge-to-z-spin conversion. The resulting magnetic state can be readily probed with its intrinsic inverse process, i.e., z-spin-to-charge conversion. Using the PASO quantum material as a fundamental building block, we implement the functionally complete set of logic-in-memory operations and a more complex nonvolatile half-adder logic function. Our work highlights the potential of PASO quantum materials for the development of scalable energy-efficient and ultrafast spintronic computing.

Tunable quantum criticalities in an isospin extended Hubbard model simulator.

Studying strong electron correlations has been an essential driving force for pushing the frontiers of condensed matter physics. In particular, in the vicinity of correlation-driven quantum phase transitions (QPTs), quantum critical fluctuations of multiple degrees of freedom facilitate exotic many-body states and quantum critical behaviours beyond Landau's framework1. Recently, moiré heterostructures of van der Waals materials have been demonstrated as highly tunable quantum platforms for exploring fascinating, strongly correlated quantum physics2-22. Here we report the observation of tunable quantum criticalities in an experimental simulator of the extended Hubbard model with spin-valley isospins arising in chiral-stacked twisted double bilayer graphene (cTDBG). Scaling analysis shows a quantum two-stage criticality manifesting two distinct quantum critical points as the generalized Wigner crystal transits to a Fermi liquid by varying the displacement field, suggesting the emergence of a critical intermediate phase. The quantum two-stage criticality evolves into a quantum pseudo criticality as a high parallel magnetic field is applied. In such a pseudo criticality, we find that the quantum critical scaling is only valid above a critical temperature, indicating a weak first-order QPT therein. Our results demonstrate a highly tunable solid-state simulator with intricate interplay of multiple degrees of freedom for exploring exotic quantum critical states and behaviours.

Application and trend of bioluminescence imaging in metabolic syndrome research.

Bioluminescence imaging is a non-invasive technology used to visualize physiological processes in animals and is useful for studying the dynamics of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a broad spectrum of diseases which are rapidly increasing in prevalence, and is closely associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and circadian rhythm disorder. To better serve metabolic syndrome research, researchers have established a variety of animal models expressing luciferase, while also committing to finding more suitable luciferase promoters and developing more efficient luciferase-luciferin systems. In this review, we systematically summarize the applications of different models for bioluminescence imaging in the study of metabolic syndrome.

Sleeve gastrectomy improves lipid dysmetabolism by downregulating the USP20-HSPA2 axis in diet-induced obese mice.

Introduction: Obesity is a metabolic disease accompanied by abnormalities in lipid metabolism that can cause hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and artery atherosclerosis. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a type of bariatric surgery that can effectively treat obesity and improve lipid metabolism. However, its specific underlying mechanism remains elusive. Methods: We performed SG, and sham surgery on two groups of diet-induced obese mice. Histology and lipid analysis were used to evaluate operation effect. Immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, real-time quantitative PCR, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and mass spectrometry were used to reveal the potential mechanisms of SG. Results: Compared to the sham group, the SG group displayed a downregulation of deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 20 (USP20). Moreover, USP20 could promote lipid accumulation in vitro. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses showed that heat-shock protein family A member 2 (HSPA2) potentially acts as a substrate of USP20. HSPA2 was also downregulated in the SG group and could promote lipid accumulation in vitro. Further research showed that USP20 targeted and stabilized HSPA2 via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Conclusion: The downregulation of the USP20-HSPA2 axis in diet-induced obese mice following SG improved lipid dysmetabolism, indicating that USP20-HSPA2 axis was a noninvasive therapeutic target to be investigated in the future.

Strain-Sensitive Magnetization Reversal of a van der Waals Magnet.

By virtue of the layered structure, van der Waals (vdW) magnets are sensitive to the lattice deformation controlled by the external strain, providing an ideal platform to explore the one-step magnetization reversal that is still conceptual in conventional magnets due to the limited strain-tuning range of the coercive field. In this study, a uniaxial tensile strain is applied to thin flakes of the vdW magnet Fe3 GeTe2 (FGT), and a dramatic increase of the coercive field (Hc ) by more than 150% with an applied strain of 0.32% is observed. Moreover, the change of the transition temperatures between the different magnetic phases under strain is investigated, and the phase diagram of FGT in the strain-temperature plane is obtained. Comparing the phase diagram with theoretical results, the strain-tunable magnetism is attributed to the sensitive change of magnetic anisotropy energy. Remarkably, strain allows an ultrasensitive magnetization reversal to be achieved, which may promote the development of novel straintronic device applications.

Atmospheric corrections of passive microwave data for estimating land surface temperature.

Quantitative analysis of the atmospheric effects on observations made by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) has been performed. The differences between observed brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere and at the bottom of the atmosphere were analyzed using a database of simulated observations, which were configured to replicate AMSR-E data. The differences between observed brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere and land surface-emitted brightness temperatures were also computed. Quantitative results show that the atmosphere has different effects on brightness temperatures in different AMSR-E channels. Atmospheric effects can be neglected at 6.925 and 10.65 GHz, when the standard deviation is less than 1 K. However, at other frequencies and polarizations, atmospheric effects on observations should not be neglected. An atmospheric correction algorithm was developed at 18.7 GHz vertical polarization, based on the classic split-window algorithm used in thermal remote sensing. Land surface emission can be estimated with RMSE = 0.99 K using the proposed method. Using the known land surface emissivity, Land Surface Temperature (LST) can be retrieved. The RMSE of retrieved LST is 1.17 K using the simulated data.